Economy

       
         Until the 1700s, the economic system that was followed was mercantilism.

 

 



            MERCANTILISM is an economic theory and practice, dominant in Europe from the 
            16th to the 18th century. The idea was to have a govermental regulation of a nation
           ´s economy and to argument state power. Mercantilism said that the colonie 
            explotation was necessary for the sate. We should buy raw materials from our 
            colonies and sale more manufactured goods at higher prices.In mercantilism, 
            economy serves the sate, the sate intervines and enjoys the surplus. 

        Later the mercantilism was replaced by the liberal theory (market economy)
           LIBERALISM: is a political philosophy based on ideas of liberty and equality. People 
           believe in the social an political change in order to progress.

Geography

 

         

In the 1700s	In 1847
Spain has big territories (two islands and rich areas in the North of Europe, as well as land in the South of Italy)	Spain lost a lot of territories
Britain is separated in 4 kingdoms ( Ireland, Wales, England and Scotland)	Kingdoms are united (Great Britain)
Italy is divided into Little principalities	Italy is still divided but starts to be independent. Its main countries were: Piedmont-Sardinia, the Papal State, Tuscany and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies.
The Ottoman Empire was the largest one	The Ottoman Empire starts to divide
Russia is a small territory	Russia conquered Poland and is expanding more to the East
France was very powerful	France colonies are smaller and less powerful
Prussia is a small country, ruled by the Holy Roman Empire	Prussia controls central Europe and other áreas in the North
The Holy Roman Empire is a normal territory	The Holy Roman Empire disappears
Norway and Sweden are separated	Norway and Sweden join

Technology

         
             The most important inventions in the 17th and 18th century 



               1709  Piano (Bartolomeo Cristofori)

                  
               
                 The first piano was invented by an Italian man called Bartolomeo Cristofori.
                 The piano arrived when there was a growing demand for a keyboard instrument
                 that could produce a more authoritative sound than the clavichord, and, at the same time,
                 permit much greater control over dynamic expression than was possible on either the
                 harpsichord or the organ.



           1712 Steam engine  (Thomas Newcomen)

           

                 

             Newcomen reached this great invention because he had previous ideas from Thomas
             Slavery´s and it was one of the most important inventions in the 17th century.
             The machine applied the principle that when vapor cools and condenses, its volume is
             reduced. If this process is carried out in a completely sealed chamber, it originates a vacuum.
       


          1722  Fire Extinguisher (French C.Hopffer)

       
          

     

               1724  Thermometer  (Gabriel Fahrenheit)

                     A mercury thermometer is a type of thermometer  
          
                 that is generally used to measure the temperatures of the selected material. 


              1775  Flush toilet  (Alexander Curmmings) 

                

                   This new toilet was an improvement of Sir John Harrington´s water closet.
                    Cummings´toilet allowed some water to stay in the bowl after flushing because of the 
                   "S trap", a sliding valve between the bowl and trap. 
                      

                 1792  Ambulance  (Dominique-Jean Larrey)

              




                 In 1792, with the outbreak of the Franco-Austrian war, Larrey became a medical officer in
                 the Army of the Rhine. There was where he invented the ambulance because lots of people
                 were dying along the way.


             1796  Smallpox vaccination (Edward Jenner)


              



              Smallpox is a serious infectious contagious disease, which in some cases could lead to death.
              There was never special treatment for smallpox and the only prevention methods were
              inoculation or vaccination.
              People were worried to get the vaccine immediately (as you can see in the picture).


             1804  Locomotive (Richard Trevithick)

       
            

            A steam locomotive is a railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam
            engine. This is one of the most important inventions and it started going at the speed of      
            30km/h.


            1861 Bicycle (Pierre Michaux) 


            


           Mechanism:   

           1876  Telephone (Graham Bell)

       





The telephone was the first device in history that enabled people to talk directly with each other across large distances. Telephones rapidly became indispensable to businesses, government, and households and are today some of the most widely used small appliances.

         

Society, lifestyle

     


         As we have seen, there where many changes between 1700 and 1847, also in society and
         the everyday life of people.
         In pre-industrial societies people work long hours in the field and live of what they were
         getting. Later, in industrial societies, lots of people moved from the countryside to the cities, in
         order to work in factories. It was natural to work  10-14 hours, 6 days a week without vacations.

       

                                                     Pre-industrial societies

Industrial societies 

             Although people worked really hard and could´t even rest there were many improvements for
             society in industrial societies.
             Because of the technological changes, there is better healthcare and more people are born and
             fewer die. The population increased a lot. Children had tu work, otherwise families were not
             able to cover their expenses but when children grew up they could decide what do they
            wanted to do and the rich ones usually choose to study. In terms of money, you could be rich
            in many ways like having your own company because obviously it´s better to own a company
           than to work in it.

       
       

Pre-industrial societies

                In pre-industrial societies people had a very calm life:

1. People used horses for transport.

   
     2.  Less people in the cities and more in the countryside.

      3.  Things were madre manually.

        4.  Less employment.

       5.  Less contamination. People could breath fresh air.

      6.  Wealth was divided between a small group.

Industrial societies

         The quality of life of the low classes in industrial societies was low.
         Workers did not have many chances against the factory owners. They had to accept to work
         more hours for less money. Government did not help a lot. When they did, they stabilized
         poorhouses.

         In conclusion, living conditions in general was not better in modern industrial cities. Water and
        air pollution was terrible and most cities were not planned, so they lacked sewage.

     

1.  Train for transport.  

       

     2.  More people in the cities.

      3.  Thing were made in factories.

        4.  More employment.

       5.  More contamination.

       6.  More rich people.

    

Politics

      At the end of the 17th century people started to be unsatisfied with what was given to them and
      always wanted more. This was caused by John Locke and his ideas that will provoke lots of
      changes.

   


    1748  "Separation of powers" 

      The Spirit of the Laws (De l´esprit des lois)  is a treatise on political theory first published 
         anonymously by Montesquieu in 1748. Originally published anonymously partly because 
         Montesquieu´s works were subject to censorship, its influence outside France was aided 
         by its rapid translation into other languages. 
         The appearance of Montesquieu´s Spirit of Laws provoked a a debate which has raged ever 
         since. Montesquieu analyzed different forms of government, the impact of climate on social 
         organization advocated the separation of powers as a brake on the power of the monarch, and 
         espoused unorthodox religious views.

       1751 "Encyclopédie"

          The Encyclopédie is a general encyclopedia that started to be written in 1751 and it took over 

          more than 20 years until it was finally finished in 1777, with later supplements, revised 

          editions and translations.

          The whole project was directed by Denis Diderot and co-edited by Jean le Rond d´Albert.

          The Encyclopédie is most famous for representing the thought of the Enlightenment. 

          According to Diderot in the article, Encyclopédie´s aim was was to change the way people

          think. He and the other contributors advocated for the secularization of learning away from the 

          Jesuits. Diderot wanted to incorporate all of the world´s knowledge into the Encyclopédie

          and hoped that the text could disseminate all this information to the public and future 

          generations.

          The work consisted of 28 volumes. By the time the last volume was published more than 140 

          persons had collaborated to fill up all the pages of the 28 volumes. 

                

          

    

        1756 Seven Years War 

       The Seven Years War was fought between 1755 and 1764, the main conflict occurring between

          1756 and 1763. It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, and 

          affected Europe, North and Central America, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. 

         

         The war ended with the Treaty of Paris between France, Spain and Great Britain and the Treaty 

         of Hubertusburg between Saxony, Austria and Prussia, in 1763. It was characterized in Europe  

         by sieges  and arson of towns as well as open battles with extremely heavy losses. France loses 

         North American colonies; Spain cedes Florida to Britain in exchange for Cuba.

         

         

        1776 Declaration of Independence

        At July 4, 1776 the thirteen american colonies declared their independence after a long war 

           with Britain. 

          

           1833 Slavery is abolished 

           The abolition of slavery occurred at different times in different countries, and sometimes 

                occurred sequentially in more than one stage, for example: as abolition of the trade in 

                slaves in a specific country.